Cost Of Haircut At Jcpenney

enriched repressors in Argentina

Justice is discovering the vast business of illegal repression, ranging from the looting of homes for sale of property under torture and the creation of shell companies to launder money and recycling fields. According to the prosecutor handling the case, is the "commodification of death."

Silently, meticulously, the investigation of crimes committed within the jurisdiction the First Army Corps during the dictatorship is moving in a new line. The prosecutor Federico Delgado discusses use of a dozen security companies run by agents for the missing property theft, laundering the money they stole and kidnapping for ransom of businessmen. It also identified the possible appropriation of property belonging to a militant group kidnapped in central Uruguay clandestine Automotive Orletti and purchase, with money from the detainees, two other buildings: the three places were intended for use by the SIDE. These are just some examples of what Delgado called, in a preliminary opinion, "the commodification of terror" or "dimension economic "plan repressive.

So far, only megacauses on crimes committed in the ESMA had made progress in the investigation of several cases of theft and repossession of property missing. Seven sailors and even the dictator's son Emilio Massera were blamed over five years for the ownership, through a string of shell companies, with valuable Chacras land belonging to businessman Victor Cerutti, the accountant and lawyer Horacio Palma Conrado Gomez. Later, the judge Sergio Torres opened a new case directly on the theft of their belongings to the victims of the dictatorship. Some detainees were forced to transfer home or to sign powers to give departments.

The file on the First Army Corps, who is in charge of the judge and prosecutor Daniel Rafecas Delgado, covering the kidnappings and disappearances in various concentration camps as Orletti, Atletico, The Bank, Vesuvius and Olympians, including cases of La Pampa and the province of Buenos Aires. So far there are 63 defendants in all these cases, of which about 40 are in custody, and there are 14 convicts.

When asked, some months ago to extend this research to its economic aspect, Delgado posed as a theoretical starting point. He noted that while a "macro" was deployed criminal plan "in order to depoliticize" and set "a new pattern of accumulation" to "micro-level terror resulted in a license to commit crime for those who were part of the system concurrently with the repression."



Silver, jewelry, real estate
The prosecutor argues that by just looking at some causes that are handled as ordinary crimes come to notice-and-start a network of security agencies that operated during the dictatorship, involving many cases of intelligence agents, in different ways: intelligence made "parallel" financial investigations, implemented kidnappings, were responsible for the outburst of goods missing and served as cover for doing different businesses with money or things that subtracted.

One hypothesis for the prosecution is that the Security Master Integral SRL company was created to "bring the money proceeds from the assets of those who were dispossessed victims" Orletti, which is distributed under the supervision of former agent and Aníbal Gordon with the help of an accountant named Benítez. Gen. Otto Paladino, head of SIDE and that clandestine center of Flores, ran Magister. While in the central prevented spies appear officially in society, but included his wife, daughter and several members of Gordon's band, including Eduardo Ruffo, arrested last year by 65 Orletti abductions and disappearances, and Cesar Enciso (son of Paladino).

Magister, on paper, offering economic and market research, industrial consultancy, business management, security and industrial espionage. In practice, it would have received and channeled "the spoils of war"-jewelry, money, property-of Orletti, Condor headquarters in Buenos Aires. Much of the stolen property had belonged, according to research Delgado, a group of Uruguayans held there, which belonged to the Parti pour la Victoria del Pueblo (PVP).

This is where the prosecutor's investigation runs into the appropriation of property for use by the SIDE. And heard testimony indicating that a group of detainees Orletti was forced to make a sale, under false names, of properties that had bought the PVP in Buenos Aires. Already have verified that a building on Jane Street Azurduy that spies used the power of the militants was Uruguayan. In other cases, they would have used money from those people to buy a home for the SIDE on Avenida Coronel Diaz and the other in La Plata, whose previous owners died. In analyzing the buying and selling as the researchers found common pattern the three buildings that the seating order is 1976. In two cases the acquisition is done Osgra SRL a front company used by the SIDE, which then transfers the property to Timayu SA, while in 2003 he made a donation to the State.

A fourth building in sight, in Rawson Street: SIDE tells Justice that does not belong, but in the Land Registry is in the name of the national state. There is ample evidence that there, under the cover of a supposedly News Agency Argentina, worked the GTE (Exterior Task Force) Intelligence Battalion 601, which made foreign intelligence tasks. A Gordon, in fact, he found a card in this false news agency. Are indications that the intelligence activities of all kinds, including financial information, also would have been implemented by a state road. Delgado

suspected in kidnappings that were judged as isolated cases, could also be behind Master and other companies. The map, which is in full study includes about ten agencies. One of them, called Sidip, belonged to the former intelligence agent then Vice Commander of Air fueza Schillizzi Moreno and had among its members Jorge Rizzaro, Hannibal's nephew Gordon. Was installed in front of the ESMA. At the beginning of the case on the Triple A, was searched and found a weapons arsenal and some of the most sophisticated: for example, a belt shot. Another branch companies named suspect Scorpio SA and, in theory, was linked to the chief of the First Army Corps, the late Carlos Guillermo Suarez Mason. Paradoxically, Scorpio was raided during the dictatorship in the context of a habeas corpus. Were seized weapons and military uniforms, but that was all.



Arms sales
One of the first book that came out Delgado's research last year was the participation of the former head of the Menem administration PAMI, Victor Alderete, as liquidator of a company formalized twelve days after the start of the Falklands War, which had revealed Página/12 in 1997. The venture, called SMC, belonged to Suarez Mason and former Buenos Aires police chief Ramon Camps. He also appeared as the spokesman Alfredo partners Yabrán, Wenceslao Bunge, Bunge and his brother Hernan future partner and provider of senior social work, Roberto de Filippis. SMC had a comprehensive register diffuse activities. Among them appeared the purchase and sale of products and goods in the metallurgical industry. Everything would suggest, however, which would have been spent on arms sales.

The prosecutor suggested further research on trafficking in weapons during the dictatorship and raised as a hypothesis in this regard, the relationship between large kidnappings entrepreneurs either "for enrichment particular" as possible "attempts to solve military incursions abroad and / or the collection of arms" in Argentina. As examples, he cited the kidnapping in 1981 of Carlos Koldobsky banker, who owned the Banco de San Miguel and manager of change America SA, a millionaire ransom demand to deposit into an account in Switzerland. It also notes the kidnapping of Fernando Combal, who owned the Finsur financial. In both cases the former agent intervened Reisse Leandro Sanchez, GTE, who (to avoid extradition) revealed details before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the United States in 1987. Sanchez also said that next Reisse with his partner Raul Guglielminetti had in Miami two firms to provide money and weapons triangular: the Silver Dollar SA Argenshaw Second, we should also in Argentina.



looting Shortcuts
Delgado notes that, with this backdrop, Conarepa was created, a kind of de facto entity designed to make economic research of the second Peronist government officials. Worked outside the judiciary, but with similar powers (such as paving), and by basing its actions on the economic subversion law.

was made by representatives of the three Armed Forces. It was dissolved before handing over control to democratic government, in 1983, after confiscating goods of all kinds. This caused a flood of lawsuits would the State. A liquidation committee within the scope of the Ministry of Economy should handle the issue. Came to spend more than $ 200 million in compensation. Among the goods returned are the Gaspar House Private Fields and Puerta de Hierro in Madrid, which were of Juan Peron and then Elizabeth. The prosecution asked for months that the records Conarepa, but so far they say no one knows where they are.

reconstruction of the key pieces of the "commodification of terror" seems to be an arduous and complex. The prosecutor, in principle, believes that economic crimes of the dictatorial regime can not be equated with the crimes against humanity, but they can prosecute. Seeks to establish individual responsibility, but also institutional. Be seen whether the passage of time can apply penalties, and how many of those responsible are still alive then.

"The facts reveal that officials took the enforcement to seize assets of the victims for the most varied enterprises," said the prosecutor. There is no doubt that the illegal repression and robbery were of the hand and the terrorist state apparatus invented the tools "to ensure success their criminal actions. "



With the permission of Pajarito
" We had to wait for his order. "" No order for him nobody left to steal. "" He "was the repressor Guillermo Suarez Mason, head of First Army Corps in the story of the policeman during the trial Omar Torres Julián the Turk, in July last year. The theft of property of victims of dictatorship was oiled, planned and was done at night, at least in the center clandestine Olympians. There, said Torres, used to change the guard with a colleague "I wanted to be there for the spoils that came to steal, they wanted to be there to take something." Torres referred, in another case, on several occasions how the murderers were finished fighting for the "booty", where they killed and looted. She said it happened in the operation where they were killed Adela Révora Lucia De Pedro and Carlos Guillermo Fassano, who were brought dead and Olympus. In the house was $ 150,000, which the repressors were played in a match where a principal ended up dead and two wounded. In the following days, emptied the house in Bethlehem Street 335, in Floresta.

Irina Hauser
page 12. Buenos Aires
March 26, 2007.

Cost Of Haircut At Jcpenney

enriched repressors in Argentina

Justice is discovering the vast business of illegal repression, ranging from the looting of homes for sale of property under torture and the creation of shell companies to launder money and recycling fields. According to the prosecutor handling the case, is the "commodification of death."

Silently, meticulously, the investigation of crimes committed within the jurisdiction the First Army Corps during the dictatorship is moving in a new line. The prosecutor Federico Delgado discusses use of a dozen security companies run by agents for the missing property theft, laundering the money they stole and kidnapping for ransom of businessmen. It also identified the possible appropriation of property belonging to a militant group kidnapped in central Uruguay clandestine Automotive Orletti and purchase, with money from the detainees, two other buildings: the three places were intended for use by the SIDE. These are just some examples of what Delgado called, in a preliminary opinion, "the commodification of terror" or "dimension economic "plan repressive.

So far, only megacauses on crimes committed in the ESMA had made progress in the investigation of several cases of theft and repossession of property missing. Seven sailors and even the dictator's son Emilio Massera were blamed over five years for the ownership, through a string of shell companies, with valuable Chacras land belonging to businessman Victor Cerutti, the accountant and lawyer Horacio Palma Conrado Gomez. Later, the judge Sergio Torres opened a new case directly on the theft of their belongings to the victims of the dictatorship. Some detainees were forced to transfer home or to sign powers to give departments.

The file on the First Army Corps, who is in charge of the judge and prosecutor Daniel Rafecas Delgado, covering the kidnappings and disappearances in various concentration camps as Orletti, Atletico, The Bank, Vesuvius and Olympians, including cases of La Pampa and the province of Buenos Aires. So far there are 63 defendants in all these cases, of which about 40 are in custody, and there are 14 convicts.

When asked, some months ago to extend this research to its economic aspect, Delgado posed as a theoretical starting point. He noted that while a "macro" was deployed criminal plan "in order to depoliticize" and set "a new pattern of accumulation" to "micro-level terror resulted in a license to commit crime for those who were part of the system concurrently with the repression."



Silver, jewelry, real estate
The prosecutor argues that by just looking at some causes that are handled as ordinary crimes come to notice-and-start a network of security agencies that operated during the dictatorship, involving many cases of intelligence agents, in different ways: intelligence made "parallel" financial investigations, implemented kidnappings, were responsible for the outburst of goods missing and served as cover for doing different businesses with money or things that subtracted.

One hypothesis for the prosecution is that the Security Master Integral SRL company was created to "bring the money proceeds from the assets of those who were dispossessed victims" Orletti, which is distributed under the supervision of former agent and Aníbal Gordon with the help of an accountant named Benítez. Gen. Otto Paladino, head of SIDE and that clandestine center of Flores, ran Magister. While in the central prevented spies appear officially in society, but included his wife, daughter and several members of Gordon's band, including Eduardo Ruffo, arrested last year by 65 Orletti abductions and disappearances, and Cesar Enciso (son of Paladino).

Magister, on paper, offering economic and market research, industrial consultancy, business management, security and industrial espionage. In practice, it would have received and channeled "the spoils of war"-jewelry, money, property-of Orletti, Condor headquarters in Buenos Aires. Much of the stolen property had belonged, according to research Delgado, a group of Uruguayans held there, which belonged to the Parti pour la Victoria del Pueblo (PVP).

This is where the prosecutor's investigation runs into the appropriation of property for use by the SIDE. And heard testimony indicating that a group of detainees Orletti was forced to make a sale, under false names, of properties that had bought the PVP in Buenos Aires. Already have verified that a building on Jane Street Azurduy that spies used the power of the militants was Uruguayan. In other cases, they would have used money from those people to buy a home for the SIDE on Avenida Coronel Diaz and the other in La Plata, whose previous owners died. In analyzing the buying and selling as the researchers found common pattern the three buildings that the seating order is 1976. In two cases the acquisition is done Osgra SRL a front company used by the SIDE, which then transfers the property to Timayu SA, while in 2003 he made a donation to the State.

A fourth building in sight, in Rawson Street: SIDE tells Justice that does not belong, but in the Land Registry is in the name of the national state. There is ample evidence that there, under the cover of a supposedly News Agency Argentina, worked the GTE (Exterior Task Force) Intelligence Battalion 601, which made foreign intelligence tasks. A Gordon, in fact, he found a card in this false news agency. Are indications that the intelligence activities of all kinds, including financial information, also would have been implemented by a state road. Delgado

suspected in kidnappings that were judged as isolated cases, could also be behind Master and other companies. The map, which is in full study includes about ten agencies. One of them, called Sidip, belonged to the former intelligence agent then Vice Commander of Air fueza Schillizzi Moreno and had among its members Jorge Rizzaro, Hannibal's nephew Gordon. Was installed in front of the ESMA. At the beginning of the case on the Triple A, was searched and found a weapons arsenal and some of the most sophisticated: for example, a belt shot. Another branch companies named suspect Scorpio SA and, in theory, was linked to the chief of the First Army Corps, the late Carlos Guillermo Suarez Mason. Paradoxically, Scorpio was raided during the dictatorship in the context of a habeas corpus. Were seized weapons and military uniforms, but that was all.



Arms sales
One of the first book that came out Delgado's research last year was the participation of the former head of the Menem administration PAMI, Victor Alderete, as liquidator of a company formalized twelve days after the start of the Falklands War, which had revealed Página/12 in 1997. The venture, called SMC, belonged to Suarez Mason and former Buenos Aires police chief Ramon Camps. He also appeared as the spokesman Alfredo partners Yabrán, Wenceslao Bunge, Bunge and his brother Hernan future partner and provider of senior social work, Roberto de Filippis. SMC had a comprehensive register diffuse activities. Among them appeared the purchase and sale of products and goods in the metallurgical industry. Everything would suggest, however, which would have been spent on arms sales.

The prosecutor suggested further research on trafficking in weapons during the dictatorship and raised as a hypothesis in this regard, the relationship between large kidnappings entrepreneurs either "for enrichment particular" as possible "attempts to solve military incursions abroad and / or the collection of arms" in Argentina. As examples, he cited the kidnapping in 1981 of Carlos Koldobsky banker, who owned the Banco de San Miguel and manager of change America SA, a millionaire ransom demand to deposit into an account in Switzerland. It also notes the kidnapping of Fernando Combal, who owned the Finsur financial. In both cases the former agent intervened Reisse Leandro Sanchez, GTE, who (to avoid extradition) revealed details before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the United States in 1987. Sanchez also said that next Reisse with his partner Raul Guglielminetti had in Miami two firms to provide money and weapons triangular: the Silver Dollar SA Argenshaw Second, we should also in Argentina.



looting Shortcuts
Delgado notes that, with this backdrop, Conarepa was created, a kind of de facto entity designed to make economic research of the second Peronist government officials. Worked outside the judiciary, but with similar powers (such as paving), and by basing its actions on the economic subversion law.

was made by representatives of the three Armed Forces. It was dissolved before handing over control to democratic government, in 1983, after confiscating goods of all kinds. This caused a flood of lawsuits would the State. A liquidation committee within the scope of the Ministry of Economy should handle the issue. Came to spend more than $ 200 million in compensation. Among the goods returned are the Gaspar House Private Fields and Puerta de Hierro in Madrid, which were of Juan Peron and then Elizabeth. The prosecution asked for months that the records Conarepa, but so far they say no one knows where they are.

reconstruction of the key pieces of the "commodification of terror" seems to be an arduous and complex. The prosecutor, in principle, believes that economic crimes of the dictatorial regime can not be equated with the crimes against humanity, but they can prosecute. Seeks to establish individual responsibility, but also institutional. Be seen whether the passage of time can apply penalties, and how many of those responsible are still alive then.

"The facts reveal that officials took the enforcement to seize assets of the victims for the most varied enterprises," said the prosecutor. There is no doubt that the illegal repression and robbery were of the hand and the terrorist state apparatus invented the tools "to ensure success their criminal actions. "



With the permission of Pajarito
" We had to wait for his order. "" No order for him nobody left to steal. "" He "was the repressor Guillermo Suarez Mason, head of First Army Corps in the story of the policeman during the trial Omar Torres Julián the Turk, in July last year. The theft of property of victims of dictatorship was oiled, planned and was done at night, at least in the center clandestine Olympians. There, said Torres, used to change the guard with a colleague "I wanted to be there for the spoils that came to steal, they wanted to be there to take something." Torres referred, in another case, on several occasions how the murderers were finished fighting for the "booty", where they killed and looted. She said it happened in the operation where they were killed Adela Révora Lucia De Pedro and Carlos Guillermo Fassano, who were brought dead and Olympus. In the house was $ 150,000, which the repressors were played in a match where a principal ended up dead and two wounded. In the following days, emptied the house in Bethlehem Street 335, in Floresta.

Irina Hauser
page 12. Buenos Aires
March 26, 2007.

Aramith Ball Problems

Operation of Argentine clandestine centers as Judge Daniel Rafecas

When processing fifteen repressors, Judge Daniel Rafecas analyzed the functioning of the centers and clandestine detention equated with torture those sites.

"out of bondage If you had asked me, 'I was tortured badly?", I would have answered:' Yes, three months without stopping '. " The phrase is part of the testimony of Michael D'Agostino to the National Commission on Disappeared Persons (CONADEP) and resume, for Judge Daniel Rafecas, the central thesis of the fault which yesterday indicted fifteen repressors: the living conditions and death in secret detention centers of the dictatorship were themselves acts of torture. " Regard certain forms of abuse as mere techniques of stress or illness and claim that certain harsh treatment are intrinsic to the deprivation of liberty, and justify them on grounds such as the captive insurance, military necessity or the struggle against subversion, implies the use of euphemisms seeking to make torture permissible simply because to call otherwise, "said the magistrate.

Rafecas repressors processed yesterday to fifteen members of the task forces operating in clandestine centers Atlético Bank and Olympians. As to those sites, which operated at various times, acted the same street gangs and were "changed" the elements of torture and even some victims, the judge looked at as a unit. In an extensive 850-page ruling, the judge indicted cops Samuel Miara, Roberto Antonio Rosa, Julio Simon, Juan Antonio Del Cerro, Oscar Augusto Rolon, Raúl González, Eduardo Kalinec, Juan Carlos Falcón, Eufemio Uballes Jorge Luis Juan Donocick, Gustavo Adolfo Eklund, the former prison service officer Juan Carlos Avena and gendarmes Víctor Guillermo Cardozo, Luis Méndez, Eugenio Perez Apesetgui. It also ordered embargoes ranging from 500 thousand dollars and 3 million 500 thousand, according to the number of events for which each defendant was charged, and the lack of merit for the NCO Arlindo Gendarmerie Benito Luna. But above all, the judge elaborated on the features and the "daily life" of the sites that were hosted missing. Visited during the investigation, together with survivors, the remainder of Atletico, The Bank and The Olympian.



moral collapse
By analyzing the existence and operation of underground facilities, the judge found that "the multiplication of these places around the country and its permanence in time reflects the image of the moral collapse of society and At the same time, the failure of the supposed progress of civilization of a nation. " Rafecas said, quoting Hannah Arendt, that these sites were designed "not only to degrade human beings and eventually eliminate them physically, but also to 'transform the human personality into a mere thing'."

support of the concept of equivalence between the illegal deprivation of liberty and torture, the court heard dozens of testimonies from survivors and analyzed 161 cases of kidnappings. In the letter he signed yesterday, described the different types of conditions to which the victims were subjected Atletico, The Bank and The Olympian and listed: Septation, suppression of identity (allocation of a number), shackled, during captivity in "pipes" o "leoneras" (celdas angostas y de tabiques bajos en las que las personas estaban con los ojos vendados y cadenas con candados en los pies), supresión de toda forma de comunicación humana, castigos permanentes, la ubicua amenaza de ser torturado o asesinado, escasa y deficiente alimentación, falta de higiene y progresivo deterioro sanitario, exposición a la desnudez y otros padecimientos de connotación sexual y la imposición de sesiones de tormentos físicos. Como ya estableció la Conadep : "Desde el momento de su secuestro, la víctima perdía todos los derechos ; privada de toda comunicación con el mundo exterior, confinada en lugares desconocidos, sometida a suplicios infernales, ignorante de su destino mediate or immediate, capable of being thrown into the river or the sea, with cement blocks on his feet, or reduced to ashes; beings were not yet kept things but attributes of the human creature sensitivity to torment, memory of his mother or his son or his wife, the endless shame for the violation in public, things that not only possessed by the supreme infinite anguish and dread, but also, and perhaps because of it, keeping in some corner of his soul a wild hope. "

The equation between the kidnapping and torture was also recently subscribed by the Federal Chamber of La Plata to expand the prosecution of former Director of Investigations Buenos Aires Police Miguel Etchecolatz. The application of this new legal standard involves a worsening in the penalty for the oppressors and make less difficult the task of collecting evidence, since in many cases there is no evidence to indicate with certainty that a particular victim he was given the baton, although was a common practice in the clandestine prisons. In addition, binds to a specific way to analyze and understand the methodology of state terrorism. Rafecas

also alluded to the "particularly brutal anti-Semitic" repressors of Atletico, The Bank and The Olympian. Among several examples, he mentioned Monica Brule, "who was tortured while being blind and being two months pregnant. "The woman said she took her twice to the" theater "and he remembered that at the foot of the bed was Clavel and that torturers become increasingly savaged her for both because the family was Jewish and because he did not cry, which exasperated. Clavel was the alias of the curator Rosa, one of the accused by the ruling, who was known to be connected with the judge Norberto Oyarbide when he was denounced by protect a network of brothels.

To Rafecas, if not understood the conditions of "life" in clandestine centers and practices of torture "would contribute to the mistaken idea that what missed only military power was a bureaucratic act of making available to the Executive Branch of the captives, when in fact the 'legalization' does not exist, because in this way building a secluded area where everything was possible, where the absolute terror could flow without giving notice or tell anyone what happened there, in addition, it was not humanly explicable either by the protagonists and ideologues of the slaughter. "

Finally, the judge looked at some common characteristics of clandestine centers of dictatorship and Nazi concentration camps and used a reflection of the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman on the need to seek truth and justice that considered appropriate to apply to crimes of state terrorism: "There is reason to be afraid because we now know that we live in a society that made the Holocaust possible and that there was nothing in it that could stop. For these reasons alone it is necessary to study the lessons of the Holocaust. In this study there is much more than a million tribute killed, that reckoning with the murderers or moral wound healing ulceration still passive and silent witnesses . Obviously, neither this way or another, even deeper, involving no guarantee against the return of mass murderers or passive viewers. But without such a study would not know what would be likely or unlikely that such a return. "



Atletico
to Olympus Athletic Club Atletico or worked during 1976 and until December 1977 in the basement of the Supplies Division Federal Police, in Paseo Colon and San Juan. The building had to be abandoned because it passed under the plot of the highway May 25. The repressive, and many detainees were moved temporarily to a farm located two blocks away from the general highway Ricchieri Belt Road (The Bank), which then ran the XI Women's Police Brigade of the Province of Buenos Aires. Then, the center began operating in the Automotive Division of the Federal Police (pictured) at Floresta. In this site I called Olympus and housed prisoners until late 1979. Intelligence in a room a poster read: "Welcome to the Olympus of the gods."



of wheels and other
In the resolution, the judge ruled that all persons who were active in the field of detention, whether they be linked to the guard or detention of detainees, whether to intervene in interrogation or was a member of the Task Force, was conducting "an essential contribution to the maintenance of victims under a regime of establishing the imposition of torment beyond most timely criminal responsibility properly allocable to those who had more direct interventions in the application of torture. "He referred to the analysis made by the philosopher Hannah Arendt on Adolf Eichmann's role in the Holocaust." We hear the claims of the defense in the sense that it was just a 'little wheel' in the machinery of the Final Solution, as well as the prosecution claims, he thought he had found the real engine of that machine. The court acknowledged in its ruling that the crime committed could be judged solely by the use of a huge bureaucratic organization that will serve government resources. But as the activities in question constituted a crime, all the wheels of the machine, however slight, were transformed from the point of view of the court, authors, ie in humans. If the defendant relies on the fact that man did not act as such but as an officer whose functions had been carried by any other person, this is equivalent to the attitude of the offender who, relying on crime statistics, so declaring that he only statistically and did what I had planned and accidental character which was he who had done and not any other, because, ultimately, somebody had to do. "


Men
time
not many who were indicted yesterday Rafecas are familiar characters. The deputy Samuel Miara is the appropriator of twins Reggiardo Tolosa, located by the Grandmothers of Plaza May 1985. Juan Antonio del Cerro, alias Colors, and Julio Simón, known as El Turco Julián, recounted his experience as torturers before the television cameras and the two repressors are involved in the case of Poblete family, which Federal Judge Gabriel Cavallo declared the unconstitutionality of laws and due obedience endpoint. Roberto Rosa, aka Clavel, became famous for its connection with Judge Norberto Oyarbide. But most of the names mentioned in this bug might go unnoticed. They had no great responsibility in the chain of command (the heads of areas and zones have already been processed). Were kidnappers, executors. As the judge Rafecas, were "race officials, professionals, trained within the historic institutions of our country and served as guards and torturers." "Would it not be happier," Bauman cited the judge-if he could prove that all they did was crazy, asks Raoul Hilberg, the great historian of the Holocaust. However, this is precisely what it is unable to demonstrate . The truth is out the light does not provide any comfort. The most likely not make anyone happy. They were men of his time and polite. This is the crux of the issue every time we reflect on the meaning of Western civilization after Auschwitz. Our evolution has been faster than our understanding, we can no longer assume that we know really our social institutions, our bureaucratic structures and our technologies. "

Victoria Ginzberg
page 12. Buenos Aires 22 October
2005

Aramith Ball Problems

Operation of Argentine clandestine centers as Judge Daniel Rafecas

When processing fifteen repressors, Judge Daniel Rafecas analyzed the functioning of the centers and clandestine detention equated with torture those sites.

"out of bondage If you had asked me, 'I was tortured badly?", I would have answered:' Yes, three months without stopping '. " The phrase is part of the testimony of Michael D'Agostino to the National Commission on Disappeared Persons (CONADEP) and resume, for Judge Daniel Rafecas, the central thesis of the fault which yesterday indicted fifteen repressors: the living conditions and death in secret detention centers of the dictatorship were themselves acts of torture. " Regard certain forms of abuse as mere techniques of stress or illness and claim that certain harsh treatment are intrinsic to the deprivation of liberty, and justify them on grounds such as the captive insurance, military necessity or the struggle against subversion, implies the use of euphemisms seeking to make torture permissible simply because to call otherwise, "said the magistrate.

Rafecas repressors processed yesterday to fifteen members of the task forces operating in clandestine centers Atlético Bank and Olympians. As to those sites, which operated at various times, acted the same street gangs and were "changed" the elements of torture and even some victims, the judge looked at as a unit. In an extensive 850-page ruling, the judge indicted cops Samuel Miara, Roberto Antonio Rosa, Julio Simon, Juan Antonio Del Cerro, Oscar Augusto Rolon, Raúl González, Eduardo Kalinec, Juan Carlos Falcón, Eufemio Uballes Jorge Luis Juan Donocick, Gustavo Adolfo Eklund, the former prison service officer Juan Carlos Avena and gendarmes Víctor Guillermo Cardozo, Luis Méndez, Eugenio Perez Apesetgui. It also ordered embargoes ranging from 500 thousand dollars and 3 million 500 thousand, according to the number of events for which each defendant was charged, and the lack of merit for the NCO Arlindo Gendarmerie Benito Luna. But above all, the judge elaborated on the features and the "daily life" of the sites that were hosted missing. Visited during the investigation, together with survivors, the remainder of Atletico, The Bank and The Olympian.



moral collapse
By analyzing the existence and operation of underground facilities, the judge found that "the multiplication of these places around the country and its permanence in time reflects the image of the moral collapse of society and At the same time, the failure of the supposed progress of civilization of a nation. " Rafecas said, quoting Hannah Arendt, that these sites were designed "not only to degrade human beings and eventually eliminate them physically, but also to 'transform the human personality into a mere thing'."

support of the concept of equivalence between the illegal deprivation of liberty and torture, the court heard dozens of testimonies from survivors and analyzed 161 cases of kidnappings. In the letter he signed yesterday, described the different types of conditions to which the victims were subjected Atletico, The Bank and The Olympian and listed: Septation, suppression of identity (allocation of a number), shackled, during captivity in "pipes" o "leoneras" (celdas angostas y de tabiques bajos en las que las personas estaban con los ojos vendados y cadenas con candados en los pies), supresión de toda forma de comunicación humana, castigos permanentes, la ubicua amenaza de ser torturado o asesinado, escasa y deficiente alimentación, falta de higiene y progresivo deterioro sanitario, exposición a la desnudez y otros padecimientos de connotación sexual y la imposición de sesiones de tormentos físicos. Como ya estableció la Conadep : "Desde el momento de su secuestro, la víctima perdía todos los derechos ; privada de toda comunicación con el mundo exterior, confinada en lugares desconocidos, sometida a suplicios infernales, ignorante de su destino mediate or immediate, capable of being thrown into the river or the sea, with cement blocks on his feet, or reduced to ashes; beings were not yet kept things but attributes of the human creature sensitivity to torment, memory of his mother or his son or his wife, the endless shame for the violation in public, things that not only possessed by the supreme infinite anguish and dread, but also, and perhaps because of it, keeping in some corner of his soul a wild hope. "

The equation between the kidnapping and torture was also recently subscribed by the Federal Chamber of La Plata to expand the prosecution of former Director of Investigations Buenos Aires Police Miguel Etchecolatz. The application of this new legal standard involves a worsening in the penalty for the oppressors and make less difficult the task of collecting evidence, since in many cases there is no evidence to indicate with certainty that a particular victim he was given the baton, although was a common practice in the clandestine prisons. In addition, binds to a specific way to analyze and understand the methodology of state terrorism. Rafecas

also alluded to the "particularly brutal anti-Semitic" repressors of Atletico, The Bank and The Olympian. Among several examples, he mentioned Monica Brule, "who was tortured while being blind and being two months pregnant. "The woman said she took her twice to the" theater "and he remembered that at the foot of the bed was Clavel and that torturers become increasingly savaged her for both because the family was Jewish and because he did not cry, which exasperated. Clavel was the alias of the curator Rosa, one of the accused by the ruling, who was known to be connected with the judge Norberto Oyarbide when he was denounced by protect a network of brothels.

To Rafecas, if not understood the conditions of "life" in clandestine centers and practices of torture "would contribute to the mistaken idea that what missed only military power was a bureaucratic act of making available to the Executive Branch of the captives, when in fact the 'legalization' does not exist, because in this way building a secluded area where everything was possible, where the absolute terror could flow without giving notice or tell anyone what happened there, in addition, it was not humanly explicable either by the protagonists and ideologues of the slaughter. "

Finally, the judge looked at some common characteristics of clandestine centers of dictatorship and Nazi concentration camps and used a reflection of the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman on the need to seek truth and justice that considered appropriate to apply to crimes of state terrorism: "There is reason to be afraid because we now know that we live in a society that made the Holocaust possible and that there was nothing in it that could stop. For these reasons alone it is necessary to study the lessons of the Holocaust. In this study there is much more than a million tribute killed, that reckoning with the murderers or moral wound healing ulceration still passive and silent witnesses . Obviously, neither this way or another, even deeper, involving no guarantee against the return of mass murderers or passive viewers. But without such a study would not know what would be likely or unlikely that such a return. "



Atletico
to Olympus Athletic Club Atletico or worked during 1976 and until December 1977 in the basement of the Supplies Division Federal Police, in Paseo Colon and San Juan. The building had to be abandoned because it passed under the plot of the highway May 25. The repressive, and many detainees were moved temporarily to a farm located two blocks away from the general highway Ricchieri Belt Road (The Bank), which then ran the XI Women's Police Brigade of the Province of Buenos Aires. Then, the center began operating in the Automotive Division of the Federal Police (pictured) at Floresta. In this site I called Olympus and housed prisoners until late 1979. Intelligence in a room a poster read: "Welcome to the Olympus of the gods."



of wheels and other
In the resolution, the judge ruled that all persons who were active in the field of detention, whether they be linked to the guard or detention of detainees, whether to intervene in interrogation or was a member of the Task Force, was conducting "an essential contribution to the maintenance of victims under a regime of establishing the imposition of torment beyond most timely criminal responsibility properly allocable to those who had more direct interventions in the application of torture. "He referred to the analysis made by the philosopher Hannah Arendt on Adolf Eichmann's role in the Holocaust." We hear the claims of the defense in the sense that it was just a 'little wheel' in the machinery of the Final Solution, as well as the prosecution claims, he thought he had found the real engine of that machine. The court acknowledged in its ruling that the crime committed could be judged solely by the use of a huge bureaucratic organization that will serve government resources. But as the activities in question constituted a crime, all the wheels of the machine, however slight, were transformed from the point of view of the court, authors, ie in humans. If the defendant relies on the fact that man did not act as such but as an officer whose functions had been carried by any other person, this is equivalent to the attitude of the offender who, relying on crime statistics, so declaring that he only statistically and did what I had planned and accidental character which was he who had done and not any other, because, ultimately, somebody had to do. "


Men
time
not many who were indicted yesterday Rafecas are familiar characters. The deputy Samuel Miara is the appropriator of twins Reggiardo Tolosa, located by the Grandmothers of Plaza May 1985. Juan Antonio del Cerro, alias Colors, and Julio Simón, known as El Turco Julián, recounted his experience as torturers before the television cameras and the two repressors are involved in the case of Poblete family, which Federal Judge Gabriel Cavallo declared the unconstitutionality of laws and due obedience endpoint. Roberto Rosa, aka Clavel, became famous for its connection with Judge Norberto Oyarbide. But most of the names mentioned in this bug might go unnoticed. They had no great responsibility in the chain of command (the heads of areas and zones have already been processed). Were kidnappers, executors. As the judge Rafecas, were "race officials, professionals, trained within the historic institutions of our country and served as guards and torturers." "Would it not be happier," Bauman cited the judge-if he could prove that all they did was crazy, asks Raoul Hilberg, the great historian of the Holocaust. However, this is precisely what it is unable to demonstrate . The truth is out the light does not provide any comfort. The most likely not make anyone happy. They were men of his time and polite. This is the crux of the issue every time we reflect on the meaning of Western civilization after Auschwitz. Our evolution has been faster than our understanding, we can no longer assume that we know really our social institutions, our bureaucratic structures and our technologies. "

Victoria Ginzberg
page 12. Buenos Aires 22 October
2005